A Step-by-Step Guide to Starting (and Growing) Your Plumbing Career

Whether you’re fresh out of school, switching careers, or already in the trades, plumbing offers steady work, strong pay, and long-term job security. Once you’re licensed, you can specialize, scale your income, or even start your own plumbing company. Our guide will walk you through every step to become a plumber, including education, hands-on training, licensing, salary expectations, and long-term growth.

Overview of steps to become a plumber 

Becoming a plumber takes a mix of classroom instruction, hands-on experience, and licensing. Here’s a simple breakdown of what to expect:

• Earn a high school diploma or GED: This is the baseline requirement to enter any training program. Math and science classes help lay the foundation.
• Choose a training path: You can attend a trade school or go straight into an apprenticeship program. Some do both.
• Complete on-the-job training: Apprenticeships combine classroom learning with supervised fieldwork, typically lasting 4 to 5 years.
• Fulfill required work hours: Most states require 6,000 to 8,000 hours of hands-on experience before you can test for a license.
• Pass a state or local licensing exam: This test covers plumbing codes, safety, and system knowledge.
• Advance your career: Become a journeyman, specialize in areas like pipefitting or green plumbing, or work toward becoming a master plumber.

Plumbing education requirements 

Plumbing involves working with your hands, so it’s easy to assume general education isn’t that important. But that’s not the case. A strong educational foundation can make a big difference when it comes to learning plumbing systems, working safely, and communicating with clients or team members. Formal education also helps develop soft skills that are useful no matter what job site you’re on.

Minimum education

You’ll need a high school diploma or GED to become a plumber. Focus on classes like algebra, geometry, and basic science. These subjects will help you understand measurements, pressure systems, and water flow. Shop or technical education classes are also useful for learning how to work with tools and read blueprints. 

If possible, choose electives that align with your interests in the trades, like construction, drafting, or physics. This kind of early preparation can give you a head start and make future training easier.

Build your soft skills

Plumbing requires a variety of soft skills to be successful on the job. These skills are often built over time, but can start taking shape through everyday learning and experience:

• Problem-solving: Important when diagnosing issues or working through unexpected challenges.
• Physical stamina: Helpful to handle demanding work conditions, such as crouching, lifting, and working in tight spaces. 
• Attention to detail: Crucial when working with codes, measurements, or safety protocols.
• Strong communication: Useful when working with customers or coordinating with other trades on job sites. 

Plumbing training programs: trade school vs. apprenticeship

Both trade school and apprenticeships can lead to a successful plumbing career. Trade school offers a more structured, classroom-heavy experience ideal for those who prefer guided instruction or want some foundational knowledge before starting work. Apprenticeships combine paid, hands-on training with some classroom instruction, making them a great fit if you learn best while doing or want to start making money right away.

Many plumbers choose one or the other, but some start with trade school and later enter an apprenticeship to gain real-world experience and meet licensing requirements. There’s no one right path—it depends on your learning style, budget, and career goals.

How to apply

Applying to a plumbing apprenticeship or trade school involves a few steps. Start by contacting the program directly. Visit their website or call the admissions office to ask about deadlines and requirements. Then, complete the application, which may ask for your personal details, education history, and sometimes a short essay. 

You’ll also need to submit supporting documents like your high school diploma or GED, transcripts, and possibly letters of recommendation or proof of residency. Some programs, especially union apprenticeships, require an interview. 

Formal trade schools may also ask you to take an aptitude test focused on math and science skills. Requirements vary, so make sure you understand what’s needed for your chosen path before applying.

What to expect

The structure of plumbing training depends on the route you choose. Trade school programs typically last one to two years and focus on classroom-based instruction in plumbing systems, tools, codes, and safety. Some include limited hands-on training or internships. Apprenticeships are more extensive. 

Using UA Local 322 as an example, union apprenticeships usually involve 216 hours of classroom instruction each year, totaling 1,080 hours over five years. They also require a minimum of 8,500 hours of supervised on-the-job training. This combination allows you to earn while you learn, gradually building skills and progressing toward licensure. Specific hours vary by state or program, but these figures reflect a common industry standard.

Plumbing school and certification cost 

Plumbing school can cost anywhere from $1,000 to $20,000, depending on the program and location. Trade school tuition varies widely, while apprenticeships usually only involve small fees, offset by the fact that you’ll be paid during training.

Here are the costs you can expect*:

• Trade school: $1,000–$20,000+
• Apprenticeship: Usually low-cost or free
• Tools, textbooks, exam fees: Costs vary (generally $500–$1,500)
• Additional expenses: Transportation, uniforms, continuing education, and licensing renewals

Trade school tuition depends on the program’s length, location, and whether it’s public or private. Short certificate programs at community colleges might cost between $1,250 and $3,000. In contrast, full programs at private technical institutes can reach $15,000 or more. Associate degree programs in plumbing technology typically range from $3,000 to $23,000. 

For example, Southwestern Illinois College offers an in-district program for $6,080, while out-of-state students pay $23,744. Montana State University–Northern offers a similar two-year program for around $23,000.

Apprenticeships usually require a few hundred dollars at most. For example, the Construction Industry Training Council in Colorado charges $710 per semester, plus $120–$150 for books. Chicago’s Journeymen Plumbers Union charges $620 for materials.

*​​Cost estimates are based on publicly available tuition data from trade schools, community colleges, and apprenticeship programs across the U.S. Additional pricing ranges for tools, materials, and licensing exams were compiled from industry training providers and state licensing boards.

Ways to save money

Need help paying for plumbing school? Here are some options to explore further:

• Scholarships (no repayment required)
• Federal Pell Grants (need-based aid)
• Federal student loans (repayment required)
• Employer sponsorships (tuition covered in exchange for future work)

How long does it take to become a plumber?

The time it takes to become a plumber depends on your path. A full apprenticeship usually takes four to five years and qualifies you to become a journeyman plumber. Trade school programs are shorter, typically one to two years, with some intensive courses wrapping up in as little as 12 to 16 weeks. After training, you’ll need another six months to a year to complete licensing and certification, with additional time required for specialization later on.

Time to become a journeyman plumber

To become a journeyman plumber, most people complete a two-year plumbing trade school program followed by a four- to five-year apprenticeship. Some skip trade school and begin an apprenticeship right away, learning on the job while completing classroom instruction. 

After completing the required hours and passing the licensing exam, you’ll earn your journeyman license. At this level, you can work independently under a licensed contractor, take on larger projects, and build toward becoming a master plumber.

Time to become a master plumber

Earning a master plumber license typically takes two to five years of experience as a licensed journeyman. Many states require passing an additional exam that covers complex systems, advanced codes, and business regulations. 

If you plan to start your own business or take on the most advanced and best-paying jobs, you’ll usually need a master plumber license. Ongoing education may also be required to maintain licensure and stay up to date with changes in plumbing codes and technology.

Plumbing license requirements

Plumbing license requirements vary by state. Some states issue licenses through a central board, while others leave it to cities or counties. Generally, you’ll need to complete a set number of training hours, pass one or more exams, and meet experience requirements before you can work independently.

Local vs. state licensing regulations

How requirements are enforced—and who actually issues your license—depends on where you live. In Texas, for example, licenses are issued by the state but tiered by experience level and training hours. New York has no statewide plumbing license, but many cities and counties, especially New York City, have strict local licensing rules.

Always check with your local building or licensing department to understand what applies to you.

Common plumbing code exams

Most state or local plumbing exams include content from either the Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC) or the International Plumbing Code (IPC). These codes outline safe installation practices, drainage systems, venting, materials, and more. 

You’ll need to understand these codes to pass licensing exams and stay compliant on the job. The version used often depends on the state or local jurisdiction.

Transferring your plumbing license to another state

Not all plumbing licenses transfer across state lines. Some states have reciprocity agreements, making it easier to apply without retaking all exams. In those cases, you may just need to submit an application and pay a fee. 

If your new state doesn’t offer reciprocity, contact its licensing board; you might be able to skip some steps based on your existing license. For example, you may still have to take a business and law exam, but you could avoid repeating technical testing if your qualifications match the new state’s standards.

Types of plumbers 

There are many types of plumbing roles, each with its own focus, work environment, and skill set. Knowing the differences between residential, commercial, service, new construction, and specialty plumbers can help you figure out which path fits you best. If you’re not sure which type fits you, start broad. Many plumbers gain experience across these areas before narrowing their focus.

Residential vs. commercial plumbers

Residential plumbers work in homes, focusing on installing and repairing pipes for kitchens, bathrooms, laundry rooms, and water heaters. They often deal with common household issues like leaky faucets, clogged drains, and broken toilets.

Commercial plumbers handle larger-scale systems in office buildings, schools, hospitals, and retail spaces. These jobs can involve more complex blueprints, larger piping systems, and stricter code requirements. Commercial work may also involve collaborating with other trades on construction teams.

Service vs. new construction plumbers

Service plumbers troubleshoot and repair existing plumbing systems. They need strong problem-solving skills and often work directly with customers in urgent situations, such as pipe bursts or clogged drains. New construction plumbers install systems in buildings that are being built from the ground up. They work from blueprints and collaborate with other construction professionals to lay out and install plumbing systems before walls and floors are completed.

Pipefitters and steamfitters

Pipefitters and steamfitters focus on high-pressure systems that carry gases or liquids, often in industrial or commercial settings. Unlike general plumbers, they install and maintain piping used in heating, cooling, or manufacturing operations. Steamfitters specifically work with systems that move steam under pressure. This specialty requires a strong understanding of pressure ratings, materials, and safety regulations that go beyond residential plumbing.

Specialized roles

Some plumbers specialize in niche areas. Gas line plumbers install and maintain lines for stoves, furnaces, and water heaters. Green plumbers focus on water conservation and eco-friendly systems, such as rainwater harvesting or solar water heating. Others specialize in fire suppression systems, like sprinklers, especially in commercial buildings. These roles may require additional certifications and are becoming more common as systems and technology evolve.

Plumber salary

The median plumber salary is $62,970, or $30.27 per hour, according to data from the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS). Pay varies based on your location, experience, and responsibilities, with licensed master plumbers and those in specialized fields often earning higher wages.

Here’s a general idea of what you can expect by level:

• Apprentice plumber: $40,000–$50,000
• Journeyman plumber: $60,000–$70,000
• Master plumber: $70,000–$100,000+

*Note: The Bureau of Labor Statistics does not provide salary data by specific career level (apprentice, journeyman, master). The figures in this article are compiled from a mix of sources, including union wage schedules, trade school reports, apprenticeship program data, and job postings from sites like Indeed and Glassdoor.

Top-paying industries and states

• Industries: Government roles, heavy civil engineering construction, and HVAC/plumbing contractor firms tend to pay better, with median annual wages around $69,000, $62,800, and $62,700, respectively.
• States/cities: Plumbing pay is strongest in major metro areas like San Jose, San Francisco, New York, Chicago, and Boston. For example, median salaries in cities like San Francisco and New York often exceed $75,000 annually. High-paying states include Massachusetts, Illinois, Oregon, and California.

Plumbing job outlook and demand

The job outlook for plumbers is strong, with employment projected to grow 6% from 2023 to 2033 based on data from the BLS. This is faster than the average for all occupations. Around 43,300 openings are expected each year, driven largely by workers retiring or changing careers. This steady demand makes plumbing a reliable long-term career path.

Continuing education and certifications for plumbers

Even after earning a license, plumbers need to stay current. Most states require continuing education (CE) for license renewal, often tied to plumbing code updates or safety training. Expanding your knowledge can also open doors to specialized work and higher-paying roles. These certifications show that you’re qualified to handle newer systems and meet updated regulations.

Common continuing education topics and certifications include:

• OSHA 10/30-Hour Certification: Covers workplace safety practices and is often required on commercial job sites.
• EPA Lead-Safe Certification: Required for plumbers working in homes built before 1978 where lead-based paint may be present.
• Backflow Prevention Certification: Trains plumbers to install and test systems that prevent water contamination.
• Tankless Water Heater Training: Focuses on the installation and servicing of modern, energy-efficient water heating systems.
• Green Plumbing Training: Teaches eco-friendly practices like water conservation and sustainable system design.

Starting your own plumbing business

For many plumbers, the ultimate goal is to be their own boss. Running your own company means more freedom, bigger responsibilities, and the chance to earn a lot more as you grow your client base and reputation. But getting there takes planning, and a few extra steps to meet legal and financial requirements.

Becoming a plumbing contractor

To run your own business, you’ll need to become a plumbing contractor. This license allows you to operate independently, bid on projects, and manage a team. You’ll need several years of experience to qualify, plus business registration and licensing. 

Costs vary by state but can range from a few hundred to several thousand dollars, depending on education, exams, and license application fees. Some states, such as Minnesota, charge as little as $14 for registration, while others add exam and license fees on top. 

Bonding and insurance

Plumbing contractors must meet state and local requirements to legally run their business. That includes securing the proper paperwork and financial protections. Here’s what you’ll need:

• General liability insurance: This protects your business from claims related to property damage, accidents, or injuries on the job. It typically costs $55–$299 per month.
• Surety bond: This is required in many states to guarantee your work meets legal and contractual obligations. The amount varies by location. For example, $15,000 in California, $20,000 in Illinois, $5,000 in Iowa, and $25,000 in Minnesota.

If you plan to hire employees, you may also need workers’ compensation insurance depending on your state laws.

How Housecall Pro can support your plumbing career

Housecall Pro is here to support your success at every stage of your plumbing career. We offer scholarships through Trade Academy, plus how-to guides and career tips to help you get started. When you’re ready to run your own business, our plumbing software makes it easy to manage appointments, send customer reminders, and collect payments all from one platform. Whether you’re working solo or growing a team, Housecall Pro helps you work smarter, get paid faster, and run your business with confidence.

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Ann

CEO and Content Writer

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Last Posted August, 2025

Company Copywriting For You

About the Author Ann has been a marketer and content writer for over 25 years. While she got her start in financial services marketing, her writing interests are far broader. Now, as the CEO of Copywriting For You, she spends her time as a full-time freelancer blogger, writing on various topics, including personal finance, marketing and business, health and wellness, home improvement and cleanliness, parenting and family, and more. Check out her website, https://copywritingforyou.net/, to learn more.

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